“Indeed all these are such that, the more carefully I focus my attention on them, the less possible it seems they could have arisen from myself alone. Thus, from what has been said, I must conclude that God necessarily exists” (Descartes 30)
To say that Nietzsche and Descartes are very different sorts of thinkers would be an understatement. The way Descartes writes, his mathematics and his overall aims are each important parts of what he contributes to academia and critical thought. Despite his contributions there is a great deal of value in questioning his work and seeing if it stands up to scrutiny. “Philosophy with a Hammer” as Nietzsche calls it, can teach us by using our questioning as a way to clear the air of doubt as to the strength of the argument we attack or, as the hammer will, destroy that which is criticized because it was too weak to withstand “the siege”. By explaining the general outlook of both Descartes and Nietzsche regarding some of their ontological and metaphysical views, I will be able to point out some of the similarities between the two and use that common ground to demonstrate how Nietzsche would be able to seriously upset the stability of Descartes arguments and provide valuable questions as to how the Cartesian Meditations on First Philosophy move from questioning all, to knowing of God’s existence as well as of his goodness. Descartes and Nietzsche would have disagreed on the necessary existence of the soul as well as of any god: using my Nietzschean hammer I will show how quickly the Cartesian idol is destroyed.
Rene Descartes beings his meditation in private comfort, in his night gown in front of a fire, solitarily questioning the very foundations of all his knowledge and belief. “At last I will apply myself earnestly and unreservedly to this general demolition of my opinions.” (Descartes 13) That we know to doubt all things as a result of the possibility of deception, our dreams and misjudgments, enables us at least to know that we think, thus that thought indicates our being. In so doing, one is able to note that the mind can be distinguished from material reality by virtue of the fact that one can only prove one’s thought but not one’s body exists. He uses this observation to provide a concept of the soul being “the mind” and separate from the body due to the uncertainty of material existence. Descartes details three axioms to guide the process of discovery: Something cannot come from nothing, nothing more perfect cannot come from something less perfect and the cause must share equal reality with the effect; accepting these truths enables further investigation as to the source of our thoughts. (Descartes 27)
Insofar as we conceive of perfection and infinity, one must also therefore have a source from which one derive these ideas. Since the finitude and imperfections of a consciousness that learns, and can recall a beginning as well as anticipate an end to its thinking, is apparent, one must necessarily eliminate self as the source of boundlessness or true wholeness. Elimination of the self requires that perfection and infinitude come from an external source and so indicates a being of infinite and perfect qualities. Perfect and infinite are shared qualities in that they represent one another, so it follows that the source of one must be the source of the other, additionally nothing unthinking could be perfect, so we may then conclude that our source is a thinking being. God, the thinking being and source of perfection and knowledge becomes clear to us and since nothing that is perfect could be evil, due to evil being inherently deceptive and harmful, God must also be good. (Descartes 35)
Descartes’ God, being the source of goodness, perfection, infinity and thought is therefore placed before the existence of one’s mind in the order of things and is responsible for all. It is this knowledge that enables one to form belief of material reality and more than perceived extensible substance. The existence of God enables us to establish foundations of truthful observation that we can move beyond reasonable doubt, assuming we are free from dreams and we overcome self deception with his help. This line of thought is a greatly simplified review of Descartes’ argument regarding existence and divinity, that both exist. These latter developments of the concepts surrounding God and material reality may be found in the 5th and 6th meditations. (Descartes 42)
“Out of life’s school of war: What does not destroy me makes me stronger.” (Nietzsche 467)
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a good deal of highly provocative thought in a fairly short number of years. During his active years, he suffered daily discomfort and had many other personal obstacles to overcome which all contributed in the forming of his philosophy. His study of the classics and his experiences in philosophical thought lead him to question many conventionally held truths and deliberately disrupt the comforts of any who cleaved to conceptions that deserve to be tested for unsuitable foundations to support meaningful thought. Twilight of the Idols was a publication that began just after The Antichrist was completed late in his active life. The work summarizes some of his key themes throughout his life and exemplifies some of his more provocative thoughts.
“What? Is man merely a mistake of God’s? Or god merely a mistake of man’s?” (Nietzsche 467)
Nietzsche, through aphorism and prose, shares insight into his doubts, frustrations and curiosities. As with Descartes, Nietzsche employs his ability to question to enable him to throw the clarity of concepts we commonly hold to be true, out of focus. From the very beginning it can be seen that his process empowers doubt beyond that which Descartes was generally interested in. In the section titled “’Reason’ in Philosophy” at part two (Nietzsche 480) Heraclitus is mentioned as a way of alluding to his philosophical prominence in Nietzschean thought. A major way this philosopher affects major changes in mindset is the belief in nothing being static. “Being” indicates an ideal state of existence which is unchanging, whereas “becoming” is a way of viewing existence as a constantly changing and ceaselessly moving existence. This matter is important to the thoughts in Twilight of the Idols and other works by the way it emphasizes the flux and uncertainty of existence in general. Nietzsche is careful to point out his concern for humanity not to stagnate or accept subjective truths before understanding their probable relativity. That we exist at all seems simple enough to Nietzsche, but the purpose of existing and any certainty beyond that is in need of greater substance. The great beauty of living is of superior importance is a clear focus throughout his work and he shares it in Twilight in a few ways including his criticisms of the Greeks beginning with section 2 “The Problem of Socrates”(Nietzsche 473). The human tendency to err doesn’t help anyone find truth, clearly and “The Four Great Errors” is a great example of how seriously Nietzsche takes our fallibility.
In all, existence as “becoming” and ever changing means that we should be similar and constantly critical of our comforts and thoughts. Furthermore, that we challenge that which we know to be true is important to our understanding and appreciation of the valuable things in life, thus “Philosophy with a hammer” is used to either destroy our false beliefs or sound off that which we question and find out how truly solid a thing was from the beginning. (Nietzsche 466) Herein we also see that the greater belief have a greater need for attack, so it follows: that which we depend on most is the least likely to stand unscathed with Nietzsche.
At the beginning with both philosophers in question here, it’s much easier to see where they are similar in their interest and approach. Both Nietzsche and Descartes wish to begin from some dependable fundamental theme or idea. Both embrace the idea that “mind” (for Descartes) and “the will” (for Nietzsche) are first truths and can be built upon. They each agree that to raze belief is needful for understanding anything beyond thought. Together they approach their interests with study and carefully examine many perspectives, although using different methods, so as to best understand and communicate their insight.
The trouble also begins between them early on however. Three major points that Descartes relies on as strengths in his argument are that the mind and body are certainly separate, that we can ascertain truth and meaning, and thirdly that God exists and is a necessary part of existing. In order to progress through these points, Descartes relies heavily on language that communicates ideals such as “perfection” and “infinity” as well as requiring that we exist along with these ideals as beings representing and participating in a reality formed by these “forms”. Descartes needs us to “be” and for that to happen, the ideal that allows us to exist must also exist, namely God. Nietzsche begins believing that we, as humans, are exactly that source, that humanity in general is an ever changing thing and that the truth of any concept is questionable at best, so relying on language indicating certainty is unreliable.
When considering the Meditations on First Philosophy, one may begin by questioning the necessity of “being” rather than “becoming” as state in which we exist. The dynamic nature of becoming changes many things in the Cartesian argument. For instance: even disregarding the static unchangeable nature of “perfection” in the meditations, everything is part of a process which does not need permanence and therefore doesn’t need any god or even the continuance of humanity, so depending on either existing indefinitely is foolish. Why couldn’t God be “dead” at this point or at any point then? Further, why couldn’t one simply change the definition of perfection to a dynamic concept more like “eternal progression”? If perfection is a process, there’s no reason we couldn’t be the authors of such an idea, nor do we need to be apart from it at all. In that way, we may indeed be the source of our perceived existence since we’re the originators and physical reality may simply be a symptom of eternal change. The language or concepts of existing are accompanied by Descartes’ assumption that the mind must be separate from the body because one can prove thought. Why is the separation necessary? If one can assume them separate, couldn’t one assume them as one? Descartes actually fails to argue a great deal in the Meditations regarding the necessary separation but Nietzsche is a great critic of the soul. In one and section 3 of Twilight, one can find reasons for life and the will to be a sufficient source of “spirituality”. If this life were to be the only one we live and the rest of the beliefs we have of what happens before or after were untrue, could this life be a wonderfully spiritual experience just in living it? Nietzsche thinks so and uses that reasoning to question the need for a separate soul.
So God, the soul and truth may indeed exist as Descartes would want us to believe and it may be that the nature of existence is a question of “being”… but it doesn’t seem that it needs to be. More than that, it is clear that by questioning the nature of existence as a static concept, by criticizing the reliability of language based on assumed truths and by carefully examining the necessity of life outside of the one being lived, the stability and certainty of God the soul and overall purpose are evident. Better to live in the present and appreciate life as though each day lived is one in the legacy of your living and those experiences may be all you ever have as well as all you leave behind. Appreciating the beauty of existence itself, after all, must also be praiseworthy by the supreme God anyways, right?
Bibliography
Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. Third. Indianapolis :
Hackett Publishing Company, 1993. Print.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Portable Nietszche. 1st. New York:
Penguin Books, 1976. Print.